Process

The improvement of crops in plant had been develop from years to years. Crop improvement was succeed by selecting the best plants or seeds. Below is the diagram about  the process of genetic engineering. It consists of five steps that are DNA extraction, gene cloning, gene design, transformation and backcross breeding.

The process of Plant Genetic Engineering

STEP 1 : DNA EXTRACTION

• The first step in the genetic engineering process.
• Scientist must extract it from the desired organism in order to work with DNA.
• In order to remove the DNA, a sample of an organism that containing the gene of interest need to be taken through a series.

DNA Extraction

STEP 2 : GENE CLONING

• To separate the single gene of interest from the rest of the genes extracted.
• Gene cloning can make thousands copies of the gene.

Gene Cloning

STEP 3 : GENE DESIGN

• In the process to design the gene to work once inside a different organism.
• This process need to be done in the test tube.
• The process included of cutting the gene apart with enzymes.
• Then, replacing the gene regions that have been separated.

STEP 4 : TRANSFORMATION

• Also known as gene insertion.
• With the various of techniques, the new gene had inserted into some of the cells.
• The techniques included are gene gun, agrobacterium, microfibers and electroporation.
• All the methods or techniques are used to transport and deliver the new genes into the nucleus of a cell without killing it.
• Transformed plant cells are then regenerated into transgenic plants.
• Then, it will grown to maturity in greenhouses and the seed that had produced was collected.

STEP 5 : BACKCROSS BREEDING

• Transgenic plants are crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plant breeding methods.
• This process is to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line.
• In obtain a high yielding transgenic line, the offspring are repeatedly crossed back to the elite line.
• A plant with a yield potential is the result of this final process.
• The plant are close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene.

Clear process of Plant Genetic Engineering

source : Overview of the Process of Plant Genetic Engineering